Sarawak draws Brunei shoppers with variety and lower prices
JUNAIDI BAHRUM
BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN
Monday, March 30, 2009
Bruneians spent RM280m in 1.4m entries across the border in 2007
ON ABOUT 1.4 million occasions that Bruneians are said to have visited Sarawak in 2007, they collectively spent at least RM$280 million.
The amount has left the business community reeling as they themselves wonder if local spending — minus that on vehicles and electronics goods — could match that figure.
The amount spent outside Brunei Darussalam, if spent locally, could bring wonders in facilitating the government's vision of stimulating the economy as well local private sector employment if that were realistic under current circumstances.
Datuk Michael Manyin Anak Jawong, Minister of Urban Development and Tourism Sarawak, in his opening speech at the launching of the Sarawak Travel Fair, two days ago said 1.4 million Bruneian entries multiplied by an estimated amount of RM$200 (spending) was recorded in 2007. "We should say terima kasih or thank you to Bruneians for spending their money in Sarawak," he said.
However, not all were thankful. Richard, an entrepreneur, who was present at the announcement remarked that the number of Bruneians spending in Sarawak alone shows that locals prefer to shop abroad rather than within the country.
"I felt a little embarrassed by the announcement as I hoped one day, that amount would be announced by local authorities on local spending within one year. The public should also realise that excessive spending abroad can hurt our economy. Who would spend in Brunei Darussalam except for us, the locals? " he asked.
The issue of locals spending abroad has long been an issue due to the attractive exchange rate and also on the prices of goods, said Richard. "To tackle this issue, a review of import tariffs on wholesale goods during certain seasons such as school holidays or during public holidays such as Hari Raya, could be the answer. Malaysia manufactures most of its products hence the low prices while we import ours. With lower tariffs, prices can be cut," he said.
A local businessman, who only wishes to be named as Joe, remarked more tourism initiatives such as festivals, which shopkeepers can employ as a sales tactic might also be beneficial.
"Our hard work of meeting public demand could be thwarted by promotions from international competitors. Maybe, we can do similar promotions with the Tourism Board as well. Introduce more of these festivals. These will facilitate the Kenali Negara Kitani initiative. The business community will support the cause by slashing our prices in accordance with the event," he said.
The marketing initiatives taken by local authorities to boost spending in the country has so far been ineffective as the solution is in the hands of the public, said Mustapha, who runs a retail outlet.
"The grand sales are simply not enough. We need more marketing campaigns. Our exhibitions are also running out of steam. So frankly, a different approach needs to be implemented. Our reduction in prices has already been traditionally done due to the bargaining standards which has been part of the Brunei tradition," he said.
He further added that his company will definitely support events which could support and further enhance the government's initiative.
This was also supported by consumers. Jairi Ahmad, 24, said that to entice him to spend every single cent he earns locally, there must be a diverse range of goods for him to pick.
"Everything is the same here. Every shops sells similar items. Our expectations as consumers are always turned down by the high prices. In Malaysia, everything is cheap. If there is a shopping carnival such as the one held there, such as the rainforest festival, where prices of goods are also slashed by nearly half to commemorate the event, then that would be something," he said.
The issue at hand was also brought up previously by local business owners in a question and answer session between them and Hj Murni Hj Mohamed, the permanent secretary at the Prime Minister's Office (PMO).
The presentation, organised by the French Brunei Business Association was on the National Development Plan (NDP), where business owners questioned on whether the NDP includes initiative to promote further local spending.
According to Hj Murni, the PMO and the relevant ministries are indeed looking for solutions and further awareness campaigns to enhance local spending.
However, he said, the issue of spending lies entirely in the hands of the people as they reserve the right to spend their disposable income anywhere.
The Brunei Times
Monday, March 30, 2009
Tuesday, March 24, 2009
Factors impeding students' research raised in meeting
Factors impeding students' research raised in meeting
Khairunnisa Ibrahim
LONDON
Tuesday, March 24, 2009
PROBLEMS in accessing resources and data on Brunei for academic work was a major issue raised at the first Brunei Postgraduate Symposium in London, United Kingdom last Saturday.
Long delays in getting responses from relevant agencies and outdated information on official websites were some factors that local students studying in the UK said impeded their research on the Sultanate.
Other research-related issues put forward at the symposium included the unavailability of Bruneian journals and publications online, and the lack of an information bank on research done on the country by local and foreign academics, which could serve as a resource for future students and help avoid redundancy in research.
About 50 people attended the symposium, which saw 10 Bruneian postgraduates sharing their research work and proposals with the audience.
Divided into three separate panels on education, national identity and public policy, the topics ranged from inclusive education, architecture and obesity to e-government and transport studies, among others.
Also featured were three top officials from Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD), Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali (Unissa) and Institut Teknologi Brunei (ITB), who spoke about the significance of research and how it is conducted at their respective institutions.
UBD's Vice-Chancellor Dr Hj Zulkarnain Hamzah, Dr Hj Yusop Hj Damit, the deputy rector of Unissa and ITB's Dr Hj Supry Hj Ladi in their respective keynote speeches touched several common themes: growing recognition that research can positively contribute to national development, incentives for local students and staff to undertake more research and the need for constructive application of research findings.
The symposium was an eye-opener for Siti Munawwarah Awang Tarif, who said getting a glimpse of other students' research work was informative and thought-provoking.
"Seeing other people's work and perspectives in various disciplines opened up ideas for me," said the Masters in International Health student, and hoped that the symposium would become a regular event.
Hazwan Azri, a PhD student in Chemical Engineering, agreed, but hoped future symposiums would also include research on science and technology.
Sponsored by the Brunei Students Unit and organised by representatives from the Brunei Students' Union, the one-day event was held at the Brunei Hall of the School of Oriental and Asian Studies at the University of London.
The Brunei Times
Khairunnisa Ibrahim
LONDON
Tuesday, March 24, 2009
PROBLEMS in accessing resources and data on Brunei for academic work was a major issue raised at the first Brunei Postgraduate Symposium in London, United Kingdom last Saturday.
Long delays in getting responses from relevant agencies and outdated information on official websites were some factors that local students studying in the UK said impeded their research on the Sultanate.
Other research-related issues put forward at the symposium included the unavailability of Bruneian journals and publications online, and the lack of an information bank on research done on the country by local and foreign academics, which could serve as a resource for future students and help avoid redundancy in research.
About 50 people attended the symposium, which saw 10 Bruneian postgraduates sharing their research work and proposals with the audience.
Divided into three separate panels on education, national identity and public policy, the topics ranged from inclusive education, architecture and obesity to e-government and transport studies, among others.
Also featured were three top officials from Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD), Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali (Unissa) and Institut Teknologi Brunei (ITB), who spoke about the significance of research and how it is conducted at their respective institutions.
UBD's Vice-Chancellor Dr Hj Zulkarnain Hamzah, Dr Hj Yusop Hj Damit, the deputy rector of Unissa and ITB's Dr Hj Supry Hj Ladi in their respective keynote speeches touched several common themes: growing recognition that research can positively contribute to national development, incentives for local students and staff to undertake more research and the need for constructive application of research findings.
The symposium was an eye-opener for Siti Munawwarah Awang Tarif, who said getting a glimpse of other students' research work was informative and thought-provoking.
"Seeing other people's work and perspectives in various disciplines opened up ideas for me," said the Masters in International Health student, and hoped that the symposium would become a regular event.
Hazwan Azri, a PhD student in Chemical Engineering, agreed, but hoped future symposiums would also include research on science and technology.
Sponsored by the Brunei Students Unit and organised by representatives from the Brunei Students' Union, the one-day event was held at the Brunei Hall of the School of Oriental and Asian Studies at the University of London.
The Brunei Times
Saturday, March 21, 2009
Friday, March 20, 2009
Friday, February 6, 2009
Over 2,700 living in poverty in Kampong Ayer
Over 2,700 living in poverty in Kampong Ayer
BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN
Friday, February 6, 2009
MANY Kampong Ayer residents are living in poverty, and the water village is in dire conditions given its lack of social development, said a senior lecturer at Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD) yesterday.
The number of recorded poverty cases in Kampong Ayer currently stands at 2,752 people, said Datin Dr Hjh Saadiah Datu Derma Wijaya Hj Tamit, senior lecturer at the Brunei Studies Academy of Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD), adding that this is a cause of concern.
Speaking during her presentation on "Kampong Ayer, Bridging the Development Era" at the Kampong Ayer National Symposium at UBD, she noted that poverty in Brunei was mainly focused in Kampung Ayer, especially Kg Sg Kebun.
They are mostly made up of relocated residents from other villages which was burnt in major fire of the late 80s.
"Most of those in poverty are primarily those who has low income occupation or those who are working as boat operators or fishermen," she said.
She said that the residents must be given direct attention as they might feel ignored by society, which will in turn lead to unhealthy social activities.
The main reason for locals who are involved in these unhealthy habits such as drugs abuse, are mainly due to poverty, she added.
Although pronounced in physical developments such as the restoration of historical landmarks and the building of infrastructure, the cultural diversity it has enjoyed for so long is now deteriorating due to stunted social development, which has brought youths to forget their heritage and traditions, the lecturer said.
She said that relevant authorities must also play their role in enforcing the law to protect those who are cast aside in terms of development, especially those living in Kampong Ayer.
The infrastructure of Kampong Ayer is not only a village built on water, but also rich in traditions passed down from our forefathers, especially concerning religion, Datin Dr Hjh Saadiah said.
"Kampong Ayer plays an important role in the development of Islam in the Sultanate and was known as the Gate of Islam in the old days."
"It was where key figures of Islam in Brunei Darussalam was taught and raised. But sadly, now everything has been put aside and the cultural heritage is not all but lost," she said, adding that crime cases are also on the rise in the underdeveloped areas of Kampong Ayer.
She added that the drop in moral standards was not only brought by the lack of social development but also influence brought by foreigners residing in the area.
Social stigma such as drug abuse and children born out of wedlock could be attributed to this issue, such as the case of Kampung Sembulan in Sabah which was highlighted in the address of a speaker from Sabah, she said.
She also urged Kampong Ayer residents to come forward to relevant authorities to enhance their efforts in ensuring that the water village remains a cultural and diverse heritage in Brunei.
The two-day national symposium aimed to highlight and alleviate the problems faced by Kampong Ayer residents and discuss upcoming developments in the water village, which accommodates more than 30,000 residents. Kampong Ayer was also proposed by the Municipal Department to be declared as a world heritage site. (JNB1)The Brunei Times
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BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN
Friday, February 6, 2009
MANY Kampong Ayer residents are living in poverty, and the water village is in dire conditions given its lack of social development, said a senior lecturer at Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD) yesterday.
The number of recorded poverty cases in Kampong Ayer currently stands at 2,752 people, said Datin Dr Hjh Saadiah Datu Derma Wijaya Hj Tamit, senior lecturer at the Brunei Studies Academy of Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD), adding that this is a cause of concern.
Speaking during her presentation on "Kampong Ayer, Bridging the Development Era" at the Kampong Ayer National Symposium at UBD, she noted that poverty in Brunei was mainly focused in Kampung Ayer, especially Kg Sg Kebun.
They are mostly made up of relocated residents from other villages which was burnt in major fire of the late 80s.
"Most of those in poverty are primarily those who has low income occupation or those who are working as boat operators or fishermen," she said.
She said that the residents must be given direct attention as they might feel ignored by society, which will in turn lead to unhealthy social activities.
The main reason for locals who are involved in these unhealthy habits such as drugs abuse, are mainly due to poverty, she added.
Although pronounced in physical developments such as the restoration of historical landmarks and the building of infrastructure, the cultural diversity it has enjoyed for so long is now deteriorating due to stunted social development, which has brought youths to forget their heritage and traditions, the lecturer said.
She said that relevant authorities must also play their role in enforcing the law to protect those who are cast aside in terms of development, especially those living in Kampong Ayer.
The infrastructure of Kampong Ayer is not only a village built on water, but also rich in traditions passed down from our forefathers, especially concerning religion, Datin Dr Hjh Saadiah said.
"Kampong Ayer plays an important role in the development of Islam in the Sultanate and was known as the Gate of Islam in the old days."
"It was where key figures of Islam in Brunei Darussalam was taught and raised. But sadly, now everything has been put aside and the cultural heritage is not all but lost," she said, adding that crime cases are also on the rise in the underdeveloped areas of Kampong Ayer.
She added that the drop in moral standards was not only brought by the lack of social development but also influence brought by foreigners residing in the area.
Social stigma such as drug abuse and children born out of wedlock could be attributed to this issue, such as the case of Kampung Sembulan in Sabah which was highlighted in the address of a speaker from Sabah, she said.
She also urged Kampong Ayer residents to come forward to relevant authorities to enhance their efforts in ensuring that the water village remains a cultural and diverse heritage in Brunei.
The two-day national symposium aimed to highlight and alleviate the problems faced by Kampong Ayer residents and discuss upcoming developments in the water village, which accommodates more than 30,000 residents. Kampong Ayer was also proposed by the Municipal Department to be declared as a world heritage site. (JNB1)The Brunei Times
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Thursday, January 22, 2009
Singapore govt may weaken Sing dollar
Singapore govt may weaken Sing dollar
Dreary: Cranes are seen at the Brani container terminal in Singapore. Trade numbers have fallen since New Year's Day. Pictures: Reuters, AFP
SINGAPORE
Thursday, January 22, 2009
SINGAPORE'S economy shrank the most on record in the last quarter of 2008 and the government forecast a five per cent contraction this year and a possible fall in consumer prices, which may prompt a one-off currency devaluation.
A government declaration that the economy was suffering its worst ever recession and official forecasts of a continued slump suggested to analysts the central bank could push down the centre of the trading band for the Singapore dollar, effectively devaluing it to help the key export sector.
The Brunei dollar is pegged against the Singapore dollar 1:1 under a bilateral agreement.
The grim figures, largely a reflection of Singapore's exposure to the slump in global trade, also pave the way for an expansionary budget today as the government scrambles to shelter the economy from the worst global financial crisis in decades.
"The Singapore economy is going through its sharpest, deepest and most protracted recession," the Trade Ministry's Second Permanent Secretary Ravi Menon told journalists.
Government data showed gross domestic product shrank in the fourth quarter at a deeper-than-expected and seasonally adjusted rate of 16.9 per cent, the biggest fall on record and the third consecutive quarterly contraction. Provisional figures had reported a 12.5 per cent slump.
From a year earlier, gross domestic product fell 3.7 per cent. That left 2008 growth at just 1.2 per cent, an abrupt turnaround from a 7.7 per cent expansion in 2007 when the stock market, financial services and property prices were booming.
The government downgraded its view of the economy for the second time in just three weeks, reflecting the rapid deterioration in the global economy that has seen much of the developed world slip into recession.
Singapore now sees GDP falling between two percent and five per cent this year, which would be the worst performance on record, with consumer prices flat to down one per cent.
"The official acknowledgement of deflation risks keeps alive a strong possibility that an eventual downward band re-centring could be on the cards in April," said Kit Wei Zheng at Citigroup, adding it could also restore some cost competitiveness.
However, the central bank said yesterday its monetary policy stance was intact after it moved to zero appreciation for the currency in October to counter the financial crisis.
It said it had no plans to review policy before a scheduled meeting in April.
Singapore manages monetary policy by adjusting the value of its currency in a secret trade-weighted band.
A sustained slide in prices can be damaging for an economy if it leads to a fall in demand as buyers hold back from making purchases in anticipation of yet lower prices.
However, Prakriti Sofat, an economist at HSBC, said in a note that the risk of sustained deflation in Singapore was remote since consumer prices would fall as the boost from high food and other commodity prices drops out of the annual price comparison.
The Singapore dollar fell to a low of S$1.512 against the US dollar after the GDP data.
The central bank said it saw no reason for a persistent weakening of the currency after it fell from a record high in July.
For key central bank and government quotes
"I'm bearish for the Singapore dollar," said Irene Cheung, currency strategist at Royal Bank of Scotland in Singapore.
"I expect monetary policy to remain accommodative they should have recentred the band earlier, but they might still do it the sooner the better."
The government expects non-oil domestic exports, which make up around 70 per cent of the city-state's economy, to shrink nine per cent to 11 per cent.Reuters
Dreary: Cranes are seen at the Brani container terminal in Singapore. Trade numbers have fallen since New Year's Day. Pictures: Reuters, AFP
SINGAPORE
Thursday, January 22, 2009
SINGAPORE'S economy shrank the most on record in the last quarter of 2008 and the government forecast a five per cent contraction this year and a possible fall in consumer prices, which may prompt a one-off currency devaluation.
A government declaration that the economy was suffering its worst ever recession and official forecasts of a continued slump suggested to analysts the central bank could push down the centre of the trading band for the Singapore dollar, effectively devaluing it to help the key export sector.
The Brunei dollar is pegged against the Singapore dollar 1:1 under a bilateral agreement.
The grim figures, largely a reflection of Singapore's exposure to the slump in global trade, also pave the way for an expansionary budget today as the government scrambles to shelter the economy from the worst global financial crisis in decades.
"The Singapore economy is going through its sharpest, deepest and most protracted recession," the Trade Ministry's Second Permanent Secretary Ravi Menon told journalists.
Government data showed gross domestic product shrank in the fourth quarter at a deeper-than-expected and seasonally adjusted rate of 16.9 per cent, the biggest fall on record and the third consecutive quarterly contraction. Provisional figures had reported a 12.5 per cent slump.
From a year earlier, gross domestic product fell 3.7 per cent. That left 2008 growth at just 1.2 per cent, an abrupt turnaround from a 7.7 per cent expansion in 2007 when the stock market, financial services and property prices were booming.
The government downgraded its view of the economy for the second time in just three weeks, reflecting the rapid deterioration in the global economy that has seen much of the developed world slip into recession.
Singapore now sees GDP falling between two percent and five per cent this year, which would be the worst performance on record, with consumer prices flat to down one per cent.
"The official acknowledgement of deflation risks keeps alive a strong possibility that an eventual downward band re-centring could be on the cards in April," said Kit Wei Zheng at Citigroup, adding it could also restore some cost competitiveness.
However, the central bank said yesterday its monetary policy stance was intact after it moved to zero appreciation for the currency in October to counter the financial crisis.
It said it had no plans to review policy before a scheduled meeting in April.
Singapore manages monetary policy by adjusting the value of its currency in a secret trade-weighted band.
A sustained slide in prices can be damaging for an economy if it leads to a fall in demand as buyers hold back from making purchases in anticipation of yet lower prices.
However, Prakriti Sofat, an economist at HSBC, said in a note that the risk of sustained deflation in Singapore was remote since consumer prices would fall as the boost from high food and other commodity prices drops out of the annual price comparison.
The Singapore dollar fell to a low of S$1.512 against the US dollar after the GDP data.
The central bank said it saw no reason for a persistent weakening of the currency after it fell from a record high in July.
For key central bank and government quotes
"I'm bearish for the Singapore dollar," said Irene Cheung, currency strategist at Royal Bank of Scotland in Singapore.
"I expect monetary policy to remain accommodative they should have recentred the band earlier, but they might still do it the sooner the better."
The government expects non-oil domestic exports, which make up around 70 per cent of the city-state's economy, to shrink nine per cent to 11 per cent.Reuters
Monday, January 12, 2009
Main reason for complacency in the civil service
Main reason for complacency in the civil service
Hj Duraman Tuah: Ex-Civil Service Institute senior officer. Picture: Rasidah HAB
RASIDAH HAB
BRUNEI MUARA
Monday, January 12, 2009
Poor enforcement of discipline has led to lack of work ethics, poor morale
THE lackadaisical attitude towards enforcement of discipline in the civil service is a major reason for complacency and poor morale among its ranks, a seminar was told yesterday.
A retired senior officer from the Civil Service Institute, Prime Minister's Office, Hj Duraman Tuah said this in an interview with The Brunei Times, after presenting his working paper titled " The Achievement of the Civil Service after Independence" on the final day of the "Regional Seminar: History" held yesterday at Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
The seminar was co-organised by the Sultan Hj Hassanal Bolkiah Foundation and Brunei History Association (Pesebar).
Hj Duraman said though his presentation focused mainly on the role of the Civil Service Institute in supporting all the government projects in the development of the country, his working paper, also highlighted the issues of poor discipline, complacency and low morale.
He said while still working with Civil Service Institute, he was involved in conducting courses and delivering talks to government departments, with the hope that the civil service would function better, but the main problem lay in the poor enforcement of government regulations.
He said if there was proper enforcement, civil servants would not be complacent, breach work discipline or take the matter half-heartedly.
" They think that the government would not take any action against them even if they come to work late," he said adding that all this boiled down to discipline problems which should no longer exist as the government could no longer tolerate complacency.
" There is also the question of morale, he said adding that morale in the civil service had fallen — no matter how well or bad they do their work, nobody cares," he said.
Enforcement is the main obstacle. Disciplinary action must applied equally to all, regardless of rank. "It is our culture in Brunei, that the subordinates would follow the example of the top people but they do not think that this involves issues of job responsibility or commitment on their part.
If comprehensive training were to accompany enforcement, with emphasis on character and work ethics, it will greatly benefit the country's development. "But we have not seen this," he added.
Since retiring two years ago, Hj Duraman felt that the situation had deteriorated and expressed his dismay considering that the effort put towards organising talks and courses had not really borne fruit.
"Don't put the blame on the system, the system is fine. The problem is in the way we implement it?" he said.
"The problem happens when those responsible have the perception that regardless of how they perform, they would still be getting their salaries."
If the authorities want to take action, there are appropriate regulations for them to do so, as specified in the General Orders (GO).
" Take action once to set an example, then probably the culprits would not dare to break the rules again," he said.
"Brunei cannot afford such complacency, not with the total number of civil servants in the country. However, it appears that this will continue to happen. How long are we going to tolerate this?" he asked.
" This is a reminder to us all. It is us that will have to take any good or bad implications from this. That is why in this seminar, element of history is included, so that we can learn from what has happened and not repeat the mistakes.
The Brunei Times
Hj Duraman Tuah: Ex-Civil Service Institute senior officer. Picture: Rasidah HAB
RASIDAH HAB
BRUNEI MUARA
Monday, January 12, 2009
Poor enforcement of discipline has led to lack of work ethics, poor morale
THE lackadaisical attitude towards enforcement of discipline in the civil service is a major reason for complacency and poor morale among its ranks, a seminar was told yesterday.
A retired senior officer from the Civil Service Institute, Prime Minister's Office, Hj Duraman Tuah said this in an interview with The Brunei Times, after presenting his working paper titled " The Achievement of the Civil Service after Independence" on the final day of the "Regional Seminar: History" held yesterday at Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
The seminar was co-organised by the Sultan Hj Hassanal Bolkiah Foundation and Brunei History Association (Pesebar).
Hj Duraman said though his presentation focused mainly on the role of the Civil Service Institute in supporting all the government projects in the development of the country, his working paper, also highlighted the issues of poor discipline, complacency and low morale.
He said while still working with Civil Service Institute, he was involved in conducting courses and delivering talks to government departments, with the hope that the civil service would function better, but the main problem lay in the poor enforcement of government regulations.
He said if there was proper enforcement, civil servants would not be complacent, breach work discipline or take the matter half-heartedly.
" They think that the government would not take any action against them even if they come to work late," he said adding that all this boiled down to discipline problems which should no longer exist as the government could no longer tolerate complacency.
" There is also the question of morale, he said adding that morale in the civil service had fallen — no matter how well or bad they do their work, nobody cares," he said.
Enforcement is the main obstacle. Disciplinary action must applied equally to all, regardless of rank. "It is our culture in Brunei, that the subordinates would follow the example of the top people but they do not think that this involves issues of job responsibility or commitment on their part.
If comprehensive training were to accompany enforcement, with emphasis on character and work ethics, it will greatly benefit the country's development. "But we have not seen this," he added.
Since retiring two years ago, Hj Duraman felt that the situation had deteriorated and expressed his dismay considering that the effort put towards organising talks and courses had not really borne fruit.
"Don't put the blame on the system, the system is fine. The problem is in the way we implement it?" he said.
"The problem happens when those responsible have the perception that regardless of how they perform, they would still be getting their salaries."
If the authorities want to take action, there are appropriate regulations for them to do so, as specified in the General Orders (GO).
" Take action once to set an example, then probably the culprits would not dare to break the rules again," he said.
"Brunei cannot afford such complacency, not with the total number of civil servants in the country. However, it appears that this will continue to happen. How long are we going to tolerate this?" he asked.
" This is a reminder to us all. It is us that will have to take any good or bad implications from this. That is why in this seminar, element of history is included, so that we can learn from what has happened and not repeat the mistakes.
The Brunei Times
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